货物未检验 责任谁来担


案情：
2001年6月28日下午，黄仁胜经人介绍在枫江镇下花园村收购菜枯，村民黄树根向黄仁胜表示他家有菜枯出卖，两人就菜枯的质量、价格达成一致意见。当日下午，黄仁胜已在另一农户王友生家收购了67包菜枯，用红绳扎口，装在货车里层；之后，黄仁胜在黄树根家收购74包菜枯，价格3840元，用白绳扎口，装在汽车的中间层。当晚，黄仁胜又在邻村周安庆家收购了134包菜枯，用红绳扎口，装在汽车最外层。黄仁胜在王、黄、周三家购买菜枯时，未在现场监督装包，货装好后，也未对菜枯质量进行验收。黄仁胜在付清三家货款后，即同司机胡建育、廖建军赶夜将货物运至南昌县陈桃元处销售，途中未停车休息。6月29日凌晨5时卸货时，陈桃元发现黄树根家白绳扎口的麻袋中的菜枯掺有砂子。黄仁胜只好将白绳扎口的74包菜枯运回吉水，并因此造成实际损失1500元。此后，黄仁胜向法院起诉，要求黄树根退回货款3840元和赔偿损失2300元。
意见分歧：本案在审理过程中，存在两种不?饧??
一种意见认为：黄树根无过错，不应当退回货款和赔偿损失。标的物的所有权自标的物交付时起转移，但法律另有规定或当事人另有约定的除外。本案的标的物（菜枯）属普通标的物，且当事人未另约定，故买受人黄仁胜将货款交付给出卖人黄树根，黄树根将菜枯交付给黄仁胜时，标的物（菜枯）的所有权也就转移到黄仁胜手中。依据《合同法》规定，黄仁胜在接受货物时应当对货物（菜枯）的质量及时检验。本案的买受人黄仁胜怠于行使质量检验权，对于因未检验而产生的质量不合格的所有损失均应由买受人黄仁胜承担。作为出卖人黄树根在将货物交付给黄仁胜后，就不再对货物的质量有保证的义务。再说本案的买受人黄仁胜还收购了除黄树根外另两家的菜枯，三家的菜枯已混同，不能只凭用何种颜色的绳子扎口和司机的证言就能证实质量不合格的菜枯系黄树根家所有，故本案黄树根无过错，不承担责任，法院应驳回黄仁胜的诉讼请求。
第二种意见认为：黄树根承担违约责任，应当退还所收取黄仁胜的货款，并且对黄仁胜的损失承担主要的赔偿责任。
评析：
笔者同意第二种意见，其理由如下：
黄仁胜所收购的菜枯中，只有黄树根家装菜枯的麻包用白绳扎口，并且司机胡建育、廖建军证实汽车自吉水出发后，途中未曾停车休息和移动麻包，又有第三人陈桃元等人证实白绳扎口麻包的菜枯中掺有砂子，以上证据足可证实出卖人黄树根在自家的菜枯中掺了砂子。我国产品质量法规定，销售者销售产品，不得掺杂、掺假；合同法规定，质量不符合约定，应当承担违约责任。黄树根故意在其销售的菜枯中掺有砂子，以次充好，其行为已违反了产品质量法的规定及与买受人黄仁胜之间的约定，是一种违约行为，并因此使黄仁胜无法将掺砂的菜枯卖出，对此，出卖人黄树根应当承担违约责任，退回所收取的3840元货款给买受人黄仁胜，黄仁胜可将货物（菜枯）返还给黄树根。合同法还规定，因当事人一方履行合同不符合约定的，致对方有其他损失的应当赔偿。对于因质量不合格的原因，买受人黄仁胜将黄树根的货物（菜枯）重新运回吉水的损失，考虑到此损失与买受人黄仁胜怠于行使对产品的质量检验权有一定的因果关系，买受人黄仁胜有一定的过错，可由黄仁胜对此损失负次要的民事责任。出卖人黄树根违反诚信原则，故意掺假，以次充好，是造成货物（菜枯）不能卖出的主要原因，故对买受人黄仁胜的损失，出卖人黄树根应当承担主要的赔偿责任。当然，对买受人黄仁胜所遭受的损失应当以法院查明的实际损失1500元为准。



江西省吉水县人民法院 李崇军
邮骗：331600 电话 0796—3522446





全国人民代表大会常务委员会


中华人民共和国主席令（八届第41号）

《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治违反公司法的犯罪的决定》已由中华人民共和国第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议于1995年2月28日通过，现予公布，自公布之日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席 江泽民
1995年2月28日


全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治违反公司法的犯罪的决定(附英文)

（1995年2月28日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议通过 1995年2月28日中华人民共和国主席令第四十一号公布 1995年2月28日施行）

为了维护社会经济秩序，保护公司的合法权益，惩治违反公司法的犯罪行为，对刑法作如下补充规定：
一、申请公司登记的人使用虚假证明文件或者采取其他欺诈手段虚报注册资本，欺骗公司登记主管部门，取得公司登记，虚报注册资本数额巨大、后果严重或者有其他严重情节的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，可以并处虚报注册资本金额百分之十以下罚金。
申请公司登记的单位犯前款罪的，对单位判处虚报注册资本金额百分之十以下罚金，并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照前款的规定，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
二、公司发起人、股东违反公司法的规定未交付货币、实物或者未转移财产权，虚假出资，或者在公司成立后又抽逃其出资，数额巨大、后果严重或者有其他严重情节的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，可以并处虚假出资金额或者抽逃出资金额百分之十以下罚金。
单位犯前款罪的，对单位判处虚假出资金额或者抽逃出资金额百分之十以下罚金，并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照前款的规定，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
三、制作虚假的招股说明书、认股书、公司债券募集办法发行股票或者公司债券，数额巨大、后果严重或者有其他严重情节的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，可以并处非法募集资金金额百分之五以下罚金。
单位犯前款罪的，对单位判处非法募集资金金额百分之五以下罚金，并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照前款的规定，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
四、公司向股东和社会公众提供虚假的或者隐瞒重要事实的财务会计报告，严重损害股东或者其他人利益的，对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，可以并处二十万元以下罚金。
五、公司进行清算时，隐匿财产，对资产负债表或者财产清单作虚伪记载或者在未清偿债务前分配公司财产，严重损害债权人或者其他人利益的，对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，可以并处二十万元以下罚金。
六、承担资产评估、验资、验证、审计职责的人员故意提供虚假证明文件，情节严重的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，可以并处二十万元以下罚金。
单位犯前款罪的，对单位判处违法所得五倍以下罚金，并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照前款的规定，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
七、未经公司法规定的有关主管部门批准，擅自发行股票、公司债券，数额巨大、后果严重或者有其他严重情节的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，可以并处非法募集资金金额百分之五以下罚金。
单位犯前款罪的，对单位判处非法募集资金金额百分之五以下罚金，并对直接负责的主管人员，依照前款的规定，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
八、国家有关主管部门的国家工作人员，对不符合法律规定条件的公司设立、登记申请或者股票、债券发行、上市申请，予以批准或者登记，致使公共财产、国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的，依照刑法第一百八十七条的规定处罚。
上级部门强令登记机关及其工作人员实施前款行为的，对直接负责的主管人员依照前款规定处罚。
九、公司董事、监事或者职工利用职务上的便利，索取或者收受贿赂，数额较大的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；数额巨大的，处五年以上有期徒刑，可以并处没收财产。
十、公司董事、监事或者职工利用职务或者工作上的便利，侵占本公司财物，数额较大的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；数额巨大的，处五年以上有期徒刑，可以并处没收财产。
十一、公司董事、监事或者职工利用职务上的便利，挪用本单位资金归个人使用或者借贷给他人，数额较大、超过三个月未还的，或者虽未超过三个月，但数额较大、进行营利活动的，或者进行非法活动的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。挪用本单位资金数额较大不退还的，依照本决
定第十条规定的侵占罪论处。
十二、国家工作人员犯本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定之罪的，依照《关于惩治贪污罪贿赂罪的补充规定》的规定处罚。
十三、犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。
犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得，判处罚金、没收财产，承担民事赔偿责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。
十四、有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。
十五、本决定自公布之日起施行。

Decision on Punishment over Crimes against the Company Law

(Adopted at the 12th Session of The standing Committee of The 8thNational People's Congress and promulgated on February 28, 1995)

Whole document
Decision on Punishment over Crimes against the Company Law
(Adopted at the 12th Session of The standing Committee of The 8th
National People's Congress and promulgated on February 28, 1995)
With a view to maintaining the social and economic order, protecting
the legal rights and interests of a company, punishing the crimes against
the company Law, the following provisions are formulated as a supplement
to the Criminal Law.
Article 1
Anyone who falsely reports the registered capital of a company when
applying for registration to the competent authorities by using fake
certificate documents or taking other fraudulent methods to acquire the
registration of the company, if to a huge amount, resulting in a serious
consequence or other grave effects, shall be sentenced to less than 3
years' imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together, be fined
amounting to no more than 10 percent of the registered capital falsely
reported.
The unit applying for registration, who commits the offence provided
for in the preceding paragraph, shall be fined amounting to less than 10
percent of the registered capital falsely reported; the person(s) directly
in charge and others directly obliged shall be sentenced to less than 3
years' imprisonment or criminal detention in accordance with the
provisions stipulated in the preceding paragraph.
Article 2
The promoters, shareholders of a company who, in violation of the
Company Law, do not deliver the currencies or property in kind or do not
effect the transfer of property rights, falsely deliver the capital
contributions or withdraw the capital contributions after the company has
been established, if to a huge amount, resulting in a serious consequence
or other grave effects, shall be sentenced to less than 5 years'
imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together, be fined amounting
to less than 10 percent of the capital falsely delivered or withdrawn.
The unit, committing the offence provided for in the preceding
paragraph, shall be fined amounting to less than 10 percent of the capital
falsely delivered or withdrawn by the unit; the person(s) directly in
charge and others directly obliged shall be sentenced to less than 5
years' imprisonment or criminal detention according to the provisions
stipulated in the preceding paragraph.
Article 3
Anyone who issues stocks or corporate bonds by making up fake
prospectus, share subscription applications or corporate bond offer
procedure, if to a huge amount and resulting in a serious consequence or
other grave effects, shall be sentenced to no more than 5 years'
imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together, be fined amounting
to no more than 5 percent of the fund illegally raised.
The unit, committing the offence provided for in the preceding
paragraph, shall be fined amounting to less than 5 percent of the fund
illegally raised; the person(s) directly in charge and others directly
obliged shall be sentenced to no more than 5 years' imprisonment or
criminal detention according to the provisions stipulated in the preceding
paragraph.
Article 4
If a company provides the shareholders and the solo public with a
false financial and accounting report or conceals important information in
its financial and accounting report, thus seriously infringing upon the
interests of shareholders or others, the person(s) directly in charge and
others directly obliged shall be sentenced to less than 3 years'
imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together, be fined amounting
to no more than RMB 200,000 yuan.
Article 5
In liquidation, if a company hides its assets, makes a false account
in its balance sheet or inventory of property sheet, or allocates its
assets before clearing off its debts, thus seriously infringing upon the
interests of the creditors or others, the person(s) directly in charge and
others directly obliged shall be sentenced to no more than 5 years'
imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together, be fined amounting
to RMB 200,000 yuan.
Article 6
The personnel in charge of valuation of assets, examination of
capital, verification and audit, who deliberately submit false
documentation, thus resulting in a grave effect, shall be sentenced to no
more than 5 years' imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together,
be fined amounting to no more than RMB 200,000 yuan.
The unit, committing the offence provided for in the preceding
paragraph shall be fined amounting to no more than fivefold illegal gains;
the person directly in charge and others directly obliged shall be
sentenced to imprisonment or criminal detention of no more than 5 years
according to the provisions specified in the preceding paragraph.
Article 7
Anyone who issues stocks or corporate bonds without approval of the
relevant competent authority regulated by the Company Law, if to a huge
amount and resulting in a serious consequence or other grave effects,
shall be sentenced to less than 5 years' imprisonment or criminal
detention, and may, together, be fined amounting to less than 5 percent
of the fund illegally raised.
The unit, committing the offence provided for in the preceding
paragraph shall be fined amounting to less than 5 percent of the fund
illegally raised by the unit; the person directly in charge shall be
sentenced to less than 5 years' imprisonment or criminal detention
according to the provisions specified in the preceding paragraph.
Article 8
The state personnel of relevant competent authorities, who grant
approval or registration to a company which does not meet the conditions
required by the law in the application for its establishment and
registration, or for listing or issuance of stocks or corporate bonds,
thus seriously infringing upon the public property and the interests of
the state and people, shall be punished according to Article 187 of the
Criminal Law.
Where the higher-level authority forcefully orders the registration
authority and its personnel to take the actions stipulated in the
preceding paragraph, the person in charge who is directly responsible
shall be punished according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.
Article 9
A company's director, supervisor or staff member who exploits his
office to extort and accept bribery, if to a fairly large amount, shall be
sentenced to no more than 5 years' imprisonment or criminal detention,
and, if to a huge amount, to no less than 5 years' imprisonment, and his
property may, together, be forfeited to the state.
Article 10
A company's director, supervisor or staff member who exploits his
office to seize the company's property, if to a fairly large amount, shall
be sentenced to no more than 5 years' imprisonment or criminal detention,
and, if to a huge amount, to no less more than 5 years' imprisonment, and
his property may, together, be forfeited to the state.
Article 11
A company's director, supervisor or staff member who exploits his
office to embezzle the public fund of his unit for his private use or for
lending it to others, if to a fairly large amount and having not returned
it for over 3 months, or using it for profits-seeking purpose or other
unlawful activities although having returned it within 3 months, shall be
sentenced to no more than 3 years' imprisonment or criminal detention,
and, if to a fairly large amount and never returning it, shall be
punished as the offence of embezzling-public-funds as provided for in
Article 10 of this Decision.
Article 12
State personnel who commit a crime against the provisions as provided
for in Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 of this Decision, shall be
punished according to the provisions stipulated in the Supplementary
Provisions on Punishment over Crime of Corruption and Bribery.
Article 13
Illegal gains, if any, from the crimes as provided for in this
Decision shall be confiscated.
Those who commit crimes against this Decision, with their illegal
gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed, their property forfeited and a
civil compensation assumed, shall be liable for the civil compensation in
priority in case they are insufficient of the assets for payment of all
the above items.
Article 14
This Decision shall as well be applicable to the crimes committed
against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 of this Decision by the staff
and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and
companies limited by shares.
Article 15
This Decision shall enter into force from the date of its
promulgation.